Still Waiting After 60 years

《Still Waiting After 60 years: Justice for Survivors of Japan's Military Sexual Slavery System 》是國際特赦組織為二次大戰期間被強迫成為慰安婦的女性爭取應有正義與人權的一份報告，完整的全文內容在此。

僅貼上翻譯的一小部分，若有錯誤請不吝指正。
假如有興趣深入瞭解，可以再慢慢把全文看完。

The struggle for justice by surviving "comfort women" and their supporters demonstrates that calls for justice do not fade; rather they can grow stronger as survivors develop strength and courage. As they age, they have an increasing sense of urgency fuelled by not wanting to die without seeing justice rendered to them. To date, Japan’s actions have ignored the needs of former "comfort women" and actually compounded the human rights violations committed against them through the denial of justice. There urgency to resolve this issue – to deliver justice – grows more pressing as survivors are now in their twilight years.

那些為倖存下來的慰安婦伸張正義的支持者們不屈不撓的艱苦努力，更加彰顯此一行動不可無疾而終的重要性。當倖存者漸漸擁有力量與勇氣的同時，這些奮鬥也將變得更加茁壯。當她們(指慰安婦們)逐漸年老，對於為自己人權取得應有回應的需求顯得更為急切，這是由於她們並不希望抱屈而死。依據記載，當時日本政府惡意忽視這些慰安婦應有人權之需求，更令人髮指的是日本政府協同反人權濫用委員會來駁回此伸張人權之案子。在這些倖存者的薄暮晚年，為了履行正義與公理，此議題的迫切性漸漸受到重視。

Japan is currently heavily involved as a leading donor in the post conflict reconstruction of countries that have been ravaged by conflicts. Amnesty International asserts that such commitments ring hollow if Japan refuses to deal with its own past and the injustices it has perpetrated. Japan has the opportunity to show global leadership on human rights concerns. Settling the issue of compensation and apology for military sexual enslavement - despite the time lapse - would send a clear message to the international that Japan is committed to human rights and would aid Japan’s reconciliation with its neighbours. A refusal to address past and present human rights violations will ensure Japan’s isolation from states increasingly committed to advancing and promoting universal human rights.

當前的日本成為對於戰爭衝突下遭到破壞國家戰後重建的主要捐款人之一，國際人權特赦組織認為假若日本拒絕正視他們的過往歷史與不公義，這些補償的承諾就成了訛言謊語。如今，日本正掌握著一個成為世界人權關注方面領導人的機會：即便時間已然流逝，妥善處理有關軍隊性奴役這段歷史的相關賠償與道歉，這將使得國際社會清楚地瞭解到「日本願意負起人權責任」並協助日本與鄰國重修舊好。當國際間越來越多國家承諾增進改善世界人權的同時，拒絕處理過去與現存違反人權的議題將使日本遭到國際孤立。

A Rights-centred Approach

The issue of military sexual slavery by the Japanese Imperial Army is a very emotionally charged one; it symbolises suffering during Japanese expansionism and occupation. Affected governments have called on Japan accurately to record its wartime and colonial past while failing to record their own recent histories in an objective manner. Home governments of surviving "comfort women" have ignored their plight for decades and, in terms of their relations with Japan, have prioritised economic and political considerations above the interests of the survivors. By highlighting the plight of the "comfort women" and calling on Japan to offer full and adequate reparations Amnesty International is not supporting any particular political viewpoint. Rather, the organisation wants the focus to be shifted to the plight of the survivors who have largely been ignored by Japan, the post-war Allies and victims’ home governments. By focusing on the survivors, Amnesty International intends to send a clear message to all governments that this is a current human rights issue not one relegated to the past - it is about lives that have been destroyed as a result of sexual slavery and the continued denial of justice.

權力集中的進程

有關日本皇軍所造成的軍事性奴役制度是被強烈指控的一個議題，它標記著過去日本軍事擴張與佔領主義所帶來的苦難印記。近年來，由於日本無法以客觀角度記載過去的史實，這些過往受到傷害的國家沈痛地表達，他們希望日本能夠正確無誤地記載戰爭與殖民時代下歷史的訴求。日本政府已經忽略這群倖存者(指慰安婦們)的困境好幾個世代之久，根據他們與日本政府的聯繫，政府在經濟與政治考量上的政策實行遠優於處理慰安婦所關心的補償問題進度。國際特赦組織希望慰安婦們的困境受到世人矚目，並要求日本政府提出完整且適當的補償辦法，但同時卻也不支持任何特殊的政治觀點介入。更確切地說，國際特赦組織希望人們將焦點專移到這些被日本、戰後盟友與受害者的國家政府長期遺忘的倖存者身上。國際特赦組織希冀藉由聚焦於倖存者的方法來傳遞給所有上述政府一個明確的訊息：這是一個當下的人權議題，而非對過往歷史的貶謫，這是一段關於被性奴役制度毀壞且正義無從伸張的生活。

Research for this Report

The true number of women and girls kept as sex slaves by the Japanese military will never be known. Information detailing the location and number of "comfort stations" was destroyed. Many women died in combat, were executed after the war or never made it home. Some women were kept in organised "comfort stations" and were subject to inhuman and degrading forms of sexual violence, others were raped as soldiers stormed their village or were taken at the whim of soldiers and kept as sex slaves. A number of women also stayed on and assimilated with the people of the country to which they were taken. As time has passed, more and more survivors have died of old age never having spoken of what they went through and never seeing any form of justice.

研究報導

由於相關詳細記載「慰安基地」所在地與數量的資料已遭到毀損，遭日本軍方強迫成為性奴隸的女人與女孩的實際確切的人數永遠無法被證實。許多慰安婦在戰爭中受戰火牽連而死去，可能是在戰後被處死或是一去不返。一些女性被強迫拘留於慰安基地中，並受到不人道且卑劣的性暴力，而另一些則是當軍隊橫掃肆虐他們的村莊時遭到強暴、任士兵輕浮污衊或者被帶回軍中成為性奴隸。一部份的女人則被迫留在當地與當地的民眾一起接受帝國改造。隨著時光的消逝，越來越多的倖存者逐漸凋零死去，始終無法獲得闡述他們所經歷的過往與親眼見到正義實行的機會。

This report is part of the global Amnesty International campaign to Stop Violence Against Women. The campaign highlights the need for states to meet their international and national commitments to stopping violence against women. Amnesty International undertook research for this report by sending a delegation, during March 2005, to the Philippines and South Korea to meet and interview survivors. A representative of the organisation also met with a Dutch survivor currently residing in Australia. Amnesty International met with over 55 survivors of the sexual slavery system.

這份報告是國際特赦組織在「停止對女性的暴力行為」活動中的一部份，此一活動主要關注於各個國家是否履行他們在國際與國內對停止施加女於性的暴力行為的承諾。國際特赦組織在2005年三月著手從事這份報告的相關研究調查，在菲律賓與南韓等地採訪會見這些受害者。同時，一位組織的代表也與一位現今生活在澳大利亞的荷蘭籍倖存者進行會面，在這段期間中國際特赦組織與超過55名的性奴隸制度倖存者進行面談。

Acknowledgements
Amnesty International would like to thank all the individuals and organisations who provided their valuable time and insights, the organisation would particularly like to thank, Violence Against Women in War - Network Japan (VAWW-NET), The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan, Lola Kampanyeras, Kaisa Ka! and Lila Filipina. Above all Amnesty International would like to thank the women, many of whom are now very elderly, who courageously spoke about their suffering. In their old age they continue to demand justice and are an inspiration to women around the world.

致謝

國際特赦組織感謝所有提供寶貴時間與觀點的個人與團體，也特別感謝日本的「戰爭中受暴力侵犯婦女保護組織」、「韓國慰安婦對日索償協調會」、「Lola Kampanyeras, Kaisa Ka! and Lila Filipina.」組織的幫助。除此之外，國際特赦組織亦感謝許多以垂垂老矣卻仍舊鼓起勇氣說出他們過往遭遇的女性，在他們的晚年仍持續要求應得的正義公理並鼓舞了全世界的女性。

1 Military Sexual Slavery: Widespread and Systematic

The Japanese "comfort women" system "consisted of the legalised military rape of subject women on a scale – and over a period of time – previously unknown in history".(5)

The first military "comfort station" providing on-site sex for the Japanese army was established in Shanghai around 1932.(6) Full-scale institutionalisation of such facilities for sexual slavery appears to have begun after 1937. That year the Japanese Imperial Army captured Nanjing, China. During their assault, troops committed torture including rape and killing of civilians on such a massive scale that it is referred to as the "Rape of Nanjing".(7) Mass rapes attracted international attention and outrage(8) and were also considered "a serious obstacle to maintaining order in occupied China".(9) Thereafter the army called for the widespread establishment of military "comfort stations". Then and subsequently the Japanese authorities attempted to justify the controlled system as a means to: reduce the number of rapes in areas where the army was based; prevent sexually transmitted diseases; counter the threat of espionage(10) and provide a recreation facility for soldiers – sex would improve soldier’s morale and relieve them of "combat stress".(11)

1. 軍事性的性奴隸制度：普遍性與系統化
日本「慰安婦」系統包括了對於受支配婦女在等級上合法化的軍事強姦，與過往歷史上不為人所知的部分。

第一個提供日本軍隊在地「性服務」的慰安婦基地在1932年建立於上海，而完整制度化的性奴隸場所則在1937後被建立。這一年，日本皇軍入侵佔領了中國的南京，在他們的攻擊侵略的期間裡頭，軍隊犯下了包括強姦與殺害無辜平民等等慘無人道的嚴重行為，世人將其稱做「南京大屠殺」。彼時，大量的姦淫擄掠受到了國際注目與公憤，並被認為是對於維護受到佔領的中國之社會秩序造成極大的障礙。而後，「慰安基地」被軍方要求在戰區普遍地建立，日本當局企圖將這麼一個有系統的控制制度賦予合法解釋：此舉是為了減少軍方駐紮地強姦案件的發生，避免性疾病的傳染，減低諜報的威脅並提供士兵一個休閒娛樂的場所 – 性行為能夠增進士兵的士氣與解放戰爭的壓力。

The military sexual slavery system developed with Japanese colonization and military expansion across the region. So called "comfort stations" were set up across China,(12) including Taiwan, as well as Borneo, the Philippines, many of the Pacific Islands, Singapore, Malaya, Burma and Indonesia.(13) The victims were Chinese, Taiwanese, Korean, Filipina, Malaysian, Indonesian, Dutch, East Timorese and Japanese.(14) Ex-soldiers have also disclosed in memoirs and interviews that women from Viet Nam, Thailand, Burma and the USA were also forced into "prostitution".(15) By the end of World War II "comfort stations" were a widespread and regular phenomenon.(16)

軍事性的性奴役系統隨著日本軍事殖民的擴張而逐漸在各地建立，這個被稱為「慰安基地」的系統橫跨了中國、台灣、婆羅洲、菲律賓、太平洋群島、韓國、新加坡、馬來西亞、緬甸與印尼等地。受害者的身份包括中國人、台灣人、韓國人、菲律賓人、馬來西亞人、印尼人、荷蘭人、東帝汶人以及日本人。退伍軍人在採訪中透露，過去，來自越南、泰國、緬甸及美國的女性被強迫進入賣淫組織。第二次世界大戰結束時，「慰安基地」已成為普遍存在的現象。

Much evidence exists detailing the official sanctioning of the "comfort women" system by the Japanese government. Reports and regulations include rules on: inspection of facilities, venereal examinations, schedules for use of the "brothels" by officers or lower ranking soldiers and rates they had to pay.(17)As the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women stated in her 1996 report:

"These regulations are some of the most incriminating of the documents to have survived the war. Not only do they reveal beyond doubt the extent to which the Japanese forces took direct responsibility for the comfort stations and were intimately connected with all aspects of their organization, but they also clearly indicate how legitimized and established an institution the stations had become." (18)

Documents recovered disclose that military control of the "comfort women" system was organised at the highest level. Official directives expose the role of the War Ministry and military in the ‘recruitment’ process and detailed reports reveal that civilian recruiters were also subject to military control.(19)

許多證據顯示出日本政府批准了慰安婦系統的建立。這報告章程民文記載了當時建立此系統的規則：設施的檢查、性愛測驗考試、高等將領與基層士兵使用此風化場所的日程表以及所必需支付的金額。聯合國特別起草報告者在「停止對女性的暴力行為」中陳述1996年的報告：

“這些規章是當時倖存於戰爭中最有控告證明的文件，它們不僅揭示了當時日本政府對於慰安婦事件該負之絕對責任以及透露出日本政府和所有慰安婦事件有關機構之密切合作的關係，並且更加清楚的指示出當時這些慰安婦機構是如何日益轉變成合法機構並且更加健全，對當時整個慰安婦情形更加不利。”

被重新找回的文件透露對於慰安婦系統的軍事控制是以相當高層級的方式組織。官方的方針暴露出戰爭部門與軍方在募集慰安婦過程中的角色，詳細的報導更顯示出平民的徵兵人員也受到軍事力量的強烈控管。

《Reds》

《Reds》，中文片名為烽火赤燄萬里情，是Warren Beatty 1981年自導自演並榮獲該年度奧斯卡最佳導演獎的影片。內容敘述一次世界大戰期間，美國共產黨員John Reed的故事。John Reed是一個充滿理想主義思想的文字工作者，最著名的著作《Ten Days that Shook the World》描寫其親眼目睹俄國於一次世界大戰後期發生的布爾什維克革命的日記，而他也是唯一一位死後安葬於克里姆林宮的美國公民
眼見資本家密集的社會結構不斷地壓榨基層勞工，John Reed亟欲組織工會力量，使勞工的基本權益受到保障，共產主義於當時宛若抵達理想的便捷近路，左派思想、共產主義與理想主義之間被劃上等號。Louise Bryant與John Reed之間的愛情在混亂的時代中風雨飄搖，大時代的動盪，理想主義的實踐與崩塌，處於政治與愛情間遊移擺盪。

為理想奔走竭盡全力，慷慨激昂的演說，希冀能為世界帶來更多公義與平等。強烈的理想抱負引領著夢想家來到俄國，身處異鄉首次感受大環境下政治巨大得難以撼動，聲嘶力竭面容憔悴，而大西洋彼岸的愛人卻音訊全無。

紀錄片式的電影脈絡，愛情讓大時代的革命更顯華麗美艷，知識份子對理想社會的嚮望，相愛的心夾雜於分向行駛的車河間顯得尷尬無助。究竟該安逸地處於童話式的愛戀中或是捨棄既有的一切開創劃時代的革命，捨不得放棄心靈相印的伴侶卻又不願當個安於現狀的遁世者。

電影落幕前，愛侶久別重逢的深情擁抱幾已成為膾炙人口的經典畫面，思念、過往回憶、風雨飄搖下的人性脆弱，深深的擁抱，靜默卻充滿力道，情感已無須言語作為傳遞的介質。庸碌一生還是燃燒生命點燃一瞬的火光，或許能選擇的並非僅止於此，做就對了。